LISA Definition Study Report

Author(s)

Colpi, Monica, Danzmann, Karsten, Hewitson, Martin, Jetzer, Philippe, Nelemans, Gijs, Petiteau, Antoine, Shoemaker, David, Sopuerta, Carlos, Stebbins, Robin, Tanvir, Nial, Ward, Henry, JosephWeber, William, Thorpe, Ira, Gehler, Martin, Jennrich, Oliver, Lützgendorf, Nora, Mondin, Linda, Larrañaga, Jonan, Joffre, Eric, Núñez, Ignacio Fernández, Marirrodriga, César García, Lieser, Maike, Halain, Jean-Philippe, Daurskikh, Anna, Deep, Atul, Lammers, Uwe, Niño, Ana Piris, Martens, Waldemar, Pound, Adam, Mangiagli, Alberto, Sesana, Alberto, Vecchio, Alberto, Torres-Orjuela, Alejandro, Toubiana, Alexandre, Chua, Alvin, Caputo, Andrea, Derdzinski, Andrea, Maselli, Andrea, Sartirana, Andrea, Ricciardone, Angelo, Heffernan, Anna, Klein, Antoine, Lamberts, Astrid, Hees, Aurelien, Caprini, Chiara, Berry, Christopher, Steer, Danièle, Doneva, Daniela, Laghi, Danny, Izquierdo, David, Shoemaker, Deirdre, Rossi, Elena Maria, Castelli, Eleonora, Berti, Emanuele, Madge, Eric, Savalle, Etienne, Davies, Gareth, Nardini, Germano, Calcagni, Gianluca, Tasinato, Gianmassimo, Boileau, Guillaume, Quelquejay-Leclere, Hippolyte, Chen, Hsin-Yu, Harry, Ian, Dvorkin, Irna, Vilchez, Ivan Martin, Slutsky, Jacob, Bayle, Jean-Baptiste, Torrado, Jesus, Gair, Jonathan, Ezquiaga, Jose María, Mathews, Josh, Yagi, Kent, Sberna, Laura, Zwick, Lorenz, Speri, Lorenzo, van de Meent, Maarten, Sedda, Manuel Arca, Peloso, Marco, Lewicki, Marek, Volonteri, Marta, Staab, Martin, Muratore, Martina, Bonetti, Matteo, Le Jeune, Maude, Pieroni, Mauro, Vallisneri, Michele, Korsakova, Natalia, Tamanini, Nicola, Karnesis, Nikolaos, Hartwig, Olaf, Pani, Paolo, Amaro-Seoane, Pau, Capelo, Pedro R., Auclair, Pierre, Baghi, Quentin, Buscicchio, Riccardo, Brito, Richard, Husa, Sascha, Larson, Shane, Babak, Stanislav, Marsat, Sylvain, Baker, Tessa, Kupfer, Thomas, Sotiriou, Thomas, Littenberg, Tyson, Domcke, Valerie Fiona, Korol, Valeriya, Baibhav, Vishal, Chen, Xian, Haiman, Zoltan

Abstract

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) is the first scientific endeavour to detect and study gravitational waves from space. LISA will survey the sky for Gravitational Waves in the 0.1 mHz to 1 Hz frequency band which will enable the study of a vast number of objects ranging from Galactic binaries and stellar mass black holes in the Milky Way, to distant massive black-hole mergers and the expansion of the Universe. This definition study report, or Red Book, presents a summary of the very large body of work that has been undertaken on the LISA mission over the LISA definition phase.

References
  • This bibliography is also available as a ADS library
  • [1] Abbott, BP et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. X , 6, 041015.
  • [2] Abbott, BP et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. X , 9, 031040.
  • [3] Abbott, BP et al., 2017, ApJ , 848, L13.
  • [4] Abbott, BP et al., 2017, ApJ , 848, L12.
  • [5] Abbott, BP et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 061102.
  • [6] Abbott, BP et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 221101.
  • [7] Abbott, R et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 241102.
  • [8] Abbott, R et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 101102.
  • [9] Abbott, R et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. X , 11, 021053.
  • [10] Abbott, R et al., 2021, ApJ , 915, L5.
  • [11] Abbott, R et al., 2021, ApJ , 913, L7.
  • [12] Abbott, R et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 122002.
  • [13] Abbott, R et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 022004.
  • [14] Abedi, J et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 96, 082004.
  • [15] Abich, K et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 031101.
  • [16] Adams, MR et al., 2014, Phys. Rev. D, 89, 022001.
  • [17] Allen, B, 2005, Phys. Rev. D , 71, 062001.
  • [18] Amaro-Seoane, P, 2018, Phys. Rev. D , 98, 063018.
  • [19] Amaro-Seoane, P, 2018, Living Rev Relativ, 21, 4.
  • [20] Amaro-Seoane, P et al., 2023, Living Rev Relativ, 26, 2.
  • [21] Amaro-Seoane, P et al., 2007, Class. Quant. Grav. 24, R113.
  • [22] Amaro-Seoane, P et al., 2012, ApJ , 744, L20.
  • [23] Amaro Seoane, P et al., 2022, General Rel. and Grav. 54, 3.
  • [24] Antoniadis, J et al., 2023, A&A , 678, A50.
  • [25] Antoniadis, J et al., 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2306.16227.
  • [26] Antonini, F et al., 2017, ApJ , 841, 77.
  • [27] Antonini, F et al., 2019, MNRAS , 486, 5008.
  • [28] Antonucci, F et al., 2011, Class. Quant. Grav. 28, 094002.
  • [29] Antonucci, F et al., 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 181101.
  • [30] Arca-Sedda, M et al., 2018, MNRAS , 477, 4423.
  • [31] Arca Sedda, M et al., 2021, A&A , 652, A54.
  • [32] Armano, M et al., 2018, Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 061101.
  • [33] Armano, M et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 96, 062004.
  • [34] Armano, M et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. Lett. 118, 171101.
  • [35] Armano, M et al., 2023, Physical Review D, 107.
  • [36] Armano, M et al., 2016, Class. Quant. Grav. 33, 235015.
  • [37] Armano, M et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 111101.
  • [38] Armano, M et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. D , 99, 122003.
  • [39] Armano, M et al., 2018, Phys. Rev. D , 98, 062001.
  • [40] Armano, M et al., 2020, MNRAS , 494, 3014.
  • [41] Armano, M et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 231101.
  • [42] Armano, M et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 062001.
  • [43] Arun, KG et al., 2022, Living Rev Relativ, 25, 4.
  • [44] Arvanitaki, A et al., 2015, Phys. Rev. D , 91, 084011.
  • [45] Aston, SM et al., 2012, Class. Quant. Grav. 29, 235004.
  • [46] Auclair, P et al., 2023, Phys. Rev. D , 108, 043519.
  • [47] Auclair, P et al., 2023, Living Reviews in Relativity, 26, 5.
  • [48] Auclair, P et al., 2020, JCAP, 2020, 034.
  • [49] LISA Pathfinder mission extension report for the German contribution, Technical Report, 2020, LPF team, Germany.
  • [50] Aurrekoetxea, JC et al., 2020, Class. Quant. Grav. 37, 204001.
  • [51] LISA Senstivity and SNR Calculations, Technical Note, 2021, LISA Consortium.
  • [52] Babak, S et al., 2008, Class. Quant. Grav. 25, 114037.
  • [53] Babak, S et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 95, 103012.
  • [54] Babak, S et al., 2023, JCAP, 2023, 034.
  • [55] Babak, S et al., 2010, Class. Quant. Grav. 27, 084009.
  • [56] Baghi, Q et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 042002.
  • [57] Baghi, Q et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2209.10851.
  • [58] Baghi, Q et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. D , 100, 022003.
  • [59] Baghi, Q et al., 2023, JCAP, 2023, 066.
  • [60] Baibhav, V et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. D , 101, 084053.
  • [61] Baker, JG et al., 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 211101.
  • [62] Baker, JG et al., 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 111102.
  • [63] Baker, J et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 123.
  • [64] Baker, T et al., 2022, JCAP, 2022, 031.
  • [65] Baker, T et al., 2023, JCAP, 2023, 044.
  • [66] Barack, L et al., 2007, Phys. Rev. D , 75, 042003.
  • [67] Barack, L et al., 2004, Phys. Rev. D , 69, 082005.
  • [68] Barack, L et al., 2019, Rept. Prog. Phys. 82, 016904.
  • [69] Barausse, E et al., 2014, Phys. Rev. D , 89, 104059.
  • [70] Barausse, E et al., 2020, ApJ , 904, 16.
  • [71] Barausse, E et al., 2009, ApJ , 704, L40.
  • [72] Barausse, E et al., 2020, General Rel. and Grav. 52, 81.
  • [73] Barausse, E et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 241104.
  • [74] LISA Metrology System, Tech Report, 2014, AEI Hannover.
  • [75] Barranco, GF et al., 2021, IEEE Trans Aerosp Electron Syst, 57, 2899.
  • [76] Barsanti, S et al., 2023, Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 051401.
  • [77] Bartolo, N et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. D , 99, 103521.
  • [78] Bartolo, N et al., 2022, JCAP, 2022, 009.
  • [79] Bartolo, N et al., 2016, JCAP, 2016, 026.
  • [80] Bartos, I et al., 2017, ApJ , 835, 165.
  • [81] Bayle, JB, PhD thesis, Paris U. VII, APC, 2019.
  • [82] Bayle, JB et al., 2023, Phys. Rev. D , 107, 083019.
  • [83] Bayle, JB et al., 2023, Phys. Rev. D , 107, 083019.
  • [84] Belgacem, E et al., 2019, JCAP, 2019, 024.
  • [85] Bellovary, J et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 175.
  • [86] Bernard, L, 2018, Phys. Rev. D , 98, 044004.
  • [87] Bernard, L et al., 2022, JCAP, 2022, 008.
  • [88] Berry, CPL et al., 2013, MNRAS , 435, 3521.
  • [89] Berry, CPL et al., 2013, MNRAS , 433, 3572.
  • [90] Berry, CPL et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. D , 94, 124042.
  • [91] Berry, C et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 42.
  • [92] Berti, E et al., 2008, ApJ , 684, 822.
  • [93] Berti, E et al., 2018, General Rel. and Grav. 50, 49.
  • [94] Berti, E et al., 2006, Phys. Rev. D , 73, 064030.
  • [95] Berti, E et al., 2009, Class. Quant. Grav. 26, 163001.
  • [96] Berti, E et al., 2015, Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 243001.
  • [97] Berti, E et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 32.
  • [98] Blanchet, L, 2014, Living Rev Relativ, 17, 2.
  • [99] Blanco-Pillado, JJ et al., 2014, Phys. Rev. D , 89, 023512.
  • [100] Bland-Hawthorn, J et al., 2016, ARA&A , 54, 529.
  • [101] Blelly, A et al., 2022, MNRAS , 509, 5902.
  • [102] Boehle, A et al., 2016, ApJ , 830, 17.
  • [103] Bogdanović, T et al., 2022, Living Rev Relativ, 25, 3.
  • [104] Boileau, G et al., 2021, MNRAS , 508, 803.
  • [105] Bonetti, M et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. D , 102, 103023.
  • [106] Bonetti, M et al., 2019, MNRAS , 486, 4044.
  • [107] Bonga, B et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. Lett. 123, 101103.
  • [108] Bortoluzzi, D et al., 2021, ASR , 67, 504.
  • [109] Bowen, DB et al., 2018, ApJ , 853, L17.
  • [110] Bowyer, S et al., 1964, AJ , 69, 135.
  • [111] Boyle, M et al., 2019, Class. Quant. Grav. 36, 195006.
  • [112] Breivik, K et al., 2018, ApJ , 854, L1.
  • [113] Brown, WR, 2015, ARA&A , 53, 15.
  • [114] Buonanno, A et al., 1999, Phys. Rev. D , 59, 084006.
  • [115] Buscicchio, R et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 044065. 152 ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Releasable to the Public LISA Definition Study Report - ESA-SCI-DIR-RP-002
  • [116] Caldwell, R et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 67.
  • [117] Campanelli, M et al., 2006, Phys. Rev. Lett. 96, 111101.
  • [118] Caprini, C et al., 2016, JCAP, 2016, 006.
  • [119] Caprini, C et al., 2020, JCAP, 03, 024.
  • [120] Caprini, C et al., 2019, JCAP, 2019, 017.
  • [121] Caprini, C et al., 2016, JCAP, 2016, 001.
  • [122] Carbone, L et al., 2003, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 151101.
  • [123] Cardoso, V et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 241103.
  • [124] Cardoso, V et al., 2019, Living Rev Relativ, 22, 4.
  • [125] Carr, B et al., 2018, MNRAS , 478, 3756.
  • [126] Carson, Z et al., 2020, Class. Quant. Grav. 37, 02LT01.
  • [127] Carson, Z et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. D , 101, 044047.
  • [128] Cattorini, F et al., 2022, ApJ , 930, L1.
  • [129] Cavalleri, A et al., 2009, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 140601.
  • [130] Cervantes, FG et al., 2007, Appl. Opt. 46, 4541.
  • [131] Cesare, S et al., 2010, Acta Astronautica, 67, 702.
  • [132] Chakrabarti, SK, 1996, Phys. Rev. D , 53, 2901.
  • [133] Chamberlain, K et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 96, 084039.
  • [134] Chua, AJK et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 96, 044005.
  • [135] Chua, AJK et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 124046.
  • [136] Chua, AJK et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 051102.
  • [137] Colpi, M, 2014, Space Sci. Rev. 183, 189.
  • [138] Colpi, M et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 432.
  • [139] Combi, L et al., 2022, ApJ , 928, 187.
  • [140] Cornish, NJ, 2020, Phys. Rev. D , 102, 124038.
  • [141] Cornish, NJ et al., 2015, Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 135012.
  • [142] Cornish, NJ et al., 2003, Class. Quant. Grav. 20, 4851.
  • [143] Cornish, N et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 76.
  • [144] Corrales, LR et al., 2010, MNRAS , 404, 947.
  • [145] 2005, Cosmic Vision: Space Science for Europe 2015–2025.
  • [146] Cruz, RJ et al., 2006, Laser Interferometer Space Antenna: 6th International LISA Symposium.
  • [147] Cusin, G et al., 2020, MNRAS , 493, L1.
  • [148] Cutler, C et al., 2007, Phys. Rev. D , 76, 104018.
  • [149] Cutler, C et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 109.
  • [150] Dam Quang, N, PhD thesis, Paris U. VII, APC, 2022.
  • [151] Damour, T et al., 2000, Phys. Rev. Lett. 85, 3761.
  • [152] Damour, T et al., 2001, Phys. Rev. D , 64, 064008.
  • [153] Danzmann, K et al., 2017, LISA Mission L3 Proposal.
  • [154] Dayal, P et al., 2019, MNRAS , 486, 2336.
  • [155] De Luca, V et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 051101.
  • [156] De Rosa, A et al., 2019, New A Rev. 86, 101525.
  • [157] Derdzinski, A et al., 2021, MNRAS , 501, 3540.
  • [158] Detweiler, S, 1980, ApJ , 239, 292.
  • [159] Dey, K et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 044035.
  • [160] Dhurandhar, SV et al., 2010, Class. Quant. Grav. 27, 135013.
  • [161] Dolesi, R et al., 2003, Class. Quant. Grav. 20, S99.
  • [162] Doneva, DD et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, 2211.01766.
  • [163] Dong-Páez, CA et al., 2023, A&A , 676, A2.
  • [164] Dotti, M et al., 2010, MNRAS , 402, 682.
  • [165] Drever, RWP et al., 1983, Applied Physics B: Lasers and Optics, 31, 97.
  • [166] Dreyer, O et al., 2004, Class. Quant. Grav. 21, 787.
  • [167] Drolshagen, G, 2008, ASR , 41, 1123.
  • [168] Drummond, LV et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 124041.
  • [169] Ebisuzaki, T et al., 2001, ApJ , 562, L19.
  • [170] Echeverria, F, 1989, Phys. Rev. D , 40, 3194.
  • [171] Edlund, JA et al., 2005, Phys. Rev. D , 71, 122003.
  • [172] Escoubet, CP et al., 2001, Annales Geophysicae, 19, 1197.
  • [173] Escudero Sanz, I et al., 2018, Adv. Opt. Technol. 7, 395.
  • [174] Estellés, H et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 084040.
  • [175] Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al., 2019, ApJ , 875, L1.
  • [176] Event Horizon Telescope Collaboration et al., 2022, ApJ , 930, L12.
  • [177] Ezquiaga, JM et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. Lett. 129, 061102.
  • [178] Faller, JE et al., A possible laser gravitational wave experiment in space, Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants II, NBS Special Publication, 617.
  • [179] Farmer, AJ et al., 2003, MNRAS , 346, 1197.
  • [180] Farris, BD et al., 2015, MNRAS , 447, L80.
  • [181] Ferguson, D et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 044037.
  • [182] Finch, E et al., 2023, MNRAS , 522, 5358.
  • [183] Finn, LS et al., 2000, Phys. Rev. D , 62, 124021.
  • [184] Fixsen, DJ et al., 1994, ApJ , 420, 445.
  • [185] Flanagan, ÉÉ et al., 2012, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 071102.
  • [186] Flauger, R et al., 2021, JCAP, 2021, 059.
  • [187] Folkner, W et al., 1997, LISA Mission Concept Study, Laser Interferometer Space Antenna for the Detection and Observation of Gravitational Waves.
  • [188] Fragione, G et al., 2018, ApJ , 856, 92.
  • [189] Fragione, G et al., 2022, ApJ , 933, 170.
  • [190] Gaia Collaboration et al., 2016, A&A , 595, A1.
  • [191] Gair, JR et al., 2004, Class. Quant. Grav. 21, S1595.
  • [192] Galloni, G et al., 2022, JCAP, 2022, 046.
  • [193] Genzel, R et al., 2010, Reviews of Modern Physics, 82, 3121.
  • [194] Georgousi, M et al., 2023, MNRAS , 519, 2552.
  • [195] Gerosa, D et al., 2021, Nat. Astron. 5, 749.
  • [196] Gezari, S, 2021, ARA&A , 59, 21.
  • [197] Ghez, AM et al., 2008, ApJ , 689, 1044.
  • [198] Ghosh, A et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. D , 94, 021101.
  • [199] Giacobbo, N et al., 2018, MNRAS , 480, 2011.
  • [200] Giampieri, G et al., 1996, Optics Communications, 123, 669.
  • [201] Giersz, M et al., 2015, MNRAS , 454, 3150.
  • [202] Gillessen, S et al., 2009, ApJ , 692, 1075.
  • [203] Giudice, GF et al., 2016, JCAP, 2016, 001.
  • [204] Gnocchi, G et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. D , 100, 064024.
  • [205] Gonzalez, A et al., 2023, Phys. Rev. D , 107, 084026.
  • [206] Goulding, AD et al., 2022, ApJ , 938, L9.
  • [207] Gravitational-Wave Community Science Team, 2012, Gravitational-Wave Mission Concept Study Final Report.
  • [208] Greene, JE et al., 2020, ARA&A , 58, 257.
  • [209] Grun, E et al., 1985, Icarus , 62, 244.
  • [210] Gruning, P et al., 2015, J. Phys. Conf. Series.
  • [211] Grüning, P et al., 2015, Experimental Astronomy, 39, 281.
  • [212] Gualandris, A et al., 2022, MNRAS , 511, 4753.
  • [213] Gualandris, A et al., 2009, ApJ , 705, 361.
  • [214] Gupta, P et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 104001.
  • [215] Haemmerlé, L et al., 2020, Space Sci. Rev. 216, 48.
  • [216] Haiman, Z, 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 96, 023004.
  • [217] Straylight to phase coupling, Tech Report, 2019, APC.
  • [218] Han, WB et al., 2020, MNRAS , 498, L61.
  • [219] Harry, I et al., 2022, General Rel. and Grav. 54, 133.
  • [220] Hartwig, O, PhD thesis, Leibniz U., Hannover, 2021.
  • [221] Hartwig, O et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 123027.
  • [222] Healy, J et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. D , 100, 024021.
  • [223] Heger, A et al., 2003, ApJ , 591, 288.
  • [224] LISA Frequency Planning, Technical note, 2018.
  • [225] LISA Timing architecture, Tech Report, 2018, AEI Hannover.
  • [226] Heinzel, G et al., 2011, Class. Quant. Grav. 28, 094008.
  • [227] Heinzel, G et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. Appl. 14, 054013.
  • [228] Hellings, RW, 2001, Phys. Rev. D , 64, 022002.
  • [229] Herdeiro, C et al., 2015, Int. J. Mod. Phys. D, 24, 1542014.
  • [230] LISA Performance Model and Error Budget, LISA-LCSTINST-TN-003, 2020, ESA.
  • [231] Hills, JG, 1988, Nature, 331, 687.
  • [232] Hils, D et al., 1995, ApJ , 445, L7.
  • [233] Hinderer, T et al., 2008, Phys. Rev. D , 78, 064028.
  • [234] Hopman, C et al., 2005, ApJ , 629, 362.
  • [235] Hulse, RA et al., 1975, ApJ , 195, L51.
  • [236] Husa, S et al., 2008, Class. Quant. Grav. 25, 105006.
  • [237] Huwyler, C et al., 2012, Phys. Rev. D , 86, 084028.
  • [238] Igoshev, AP et al., 2021, MNRAS , 508, 3345.
  • [239] Inayoshi, K et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 96, 063014. Page 153/155 ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Releasable to the Public LISA Definition Study Report - ESA-SCI-DIR-RP-002
  • [240] Inayoshi, K et al., 2020, ARA&A , 58, 27.
  • [241] Inchauspé, H et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. D , 102, 042002.
  • [242] Ivanova, N et al., 2020, Common Envelope Evolution.
  • [243] Ivezić, Ž et al., 2019, ApJ , 873, 111.
  • [244] Jani, K et al., 2016, Class. Quant. Grav. 33, 204001.
  • [245] Jennrich, O et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 062003.
  • [246] José Esteban, J et al., 2011, Optics Express, 19, 15937.
  • [247] Joyce, A et al., 2015, Phys. Rep. 568, 1.
  • [248] Kane, TJ et al., 1985, Optics Letters, 10, 65.
  • [249] Kane, TJ et al., 2022, Solid State Lasers XXXI: Technology and Devices.
  • [250] Karnesis, N et al., 2020, Class. Quant. Grav. 37, 215017.
  • [251] Karnesis, N et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 043019.
  • [252] Katz, ML et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 064047.
  • [253] King, AR et al., 2005, MNRAS , 363, 49.
  • [254] Klein, A et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. D , 93, 024003.
  • [255] Klioner, SA et al., 2017, Space Sci. Rev. 212, 1423.
  • [256] Kocsis, B et al., 2011, Phys. Rev. D , 84, 024032.
  • [257] Kormendy, J et al., 2013, ARA&A , 51, 511.
  • [258] Korol, V et al., 2020, A&A , 638, A153.
  • [259] Korol, V et al., 2019, MNRAS , 483, 5518.
  • [260] Korol, V et al., 2021, MNRAS , 502, L55.
  • [261] Kramer, M et al., 2006, Science, 314, 97.
  • [262] Kupfer, T et al., 2018, MNRAS , 480, 302.
  • [263] LISA Study Team, 2000, ESA Brochure, 164.
  • [264] LISA Waveform Working Group, in prep.
  • [265] LISA Assessment Study Report, 2011, ESA.
  • [266] LISA Technical Review Report, 2011, ESA.
  • [267] LISA science requirements document, tech. rep., 2018.
  • [268] Laghi, D et al., 2021, MNRAS , 508, 4512.
  • [269] Lamberts, A et al., 2018, MNRAS , 480, 2704.
  • [270] Lanzoni, B et al., 2013, ApJ , 769, 107.
  • [271] Laporte, M et al., 2017, J. Phys. Conf. Series.
  • [272] Laporte, M, PhD thesis, Paris U. VII, APC, 2019.
  • [273] Larson, SL et al., 2000, Phys. Rev. D , 62, 062001.
  • [274] Laureijs, R et al., 2011, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:1110.3193.
  • [275] Leigh, NWC et al., 2014, MNRAS , 444, 29.
  • [276] Letson, BC et al., 2022, Rev. Sci. Instr. 93, 114503.
  • [277] Levin, Y, 2007, MNRAS , 374, 515.
  • [278] Li, GL et al., 2022, Sci. China Phys. Mech. 65, 100412.
  • [279] Liebling, SL et al., 2012, Living Rev Relativ, 15, 6.
  • [280] Lin, D et al., 2018, Nat. Astron. 2, 656.
  • [281] Lin, D et al., 2020, ApJ , 892, L25.
  • [282] Littenberg, TB et al., 2015, Phys. Rev. D , 91, 084034.
  • [283] Littenberg, T et al., 2019, BAAS, 51, 34.
  • [284] Lops, G et al., 2023, MNRAS , 519, 5962.
  • [285] Lorenz, L et al., 2010, JCAP, 2010, 003.
  • [286] Lützgendorf, No, 2015, A&A , 581, A1.
  • [287] Lynch, P et al., 2022, Class. Quant. Grav. 39, 145004.
  • [288] Madau, P et al., 2014, ARA&A , 52, 415.
  • [289] Maiolino, R et al., 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2305.12492.
  • [290] Maiolino, R et al., 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2308.01230.
  • [291] Mance, D, PhD thesis, University of Split, 2012.
  • [292] Mangiagli, A et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 103017.
  • [293] Mapelli, M, 2016, MNRAS , 459, 3432.
  • [294] Marsat, S et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 083011.
  • [295] Marsh, TR, 2011, Class. Quant. Grav. 28, 094019.
  • [296] Marsh, TR et al., 2004, MNRAS , 350, 113.
  • [297] Maselli, A et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 141101.
  • [298] Maselli, A et al., 2022, Nat. Astron. 6, 464.
  • [299] Massotti, L et al., 2022, CEAS Space Journal, 14, 109.
  • [300] Mathews, J et al., “On detection of EMRI signals with post-adiabatic waveform models”, unpublished.
  • [301] Mathews, J et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 084031.
  • [302] McWilliams, S et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 455.
  • [303] Meshksar, N et al., 2020, Rev. Sci. Instr. 91, 095003.
  • [304] Mezcua, M et al., 2018, MNRAS , 478, 2576.
  • [305] Miller, J et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 064048.
  • [306] Miller, MC et al., 2005, ApJ , 631, L117.
  • [307] Mirshekari, S et al., 2012, Phys. Rev. D , 85, 024041.
  • [308] Mitryk, SJ et al., 2012, Phys. Rev. D , 86, 122006.
  • [309] Mitryk, SJ et al., 2010, Class. Quant. Grav. 27, 084012.
  • [310] Moore, CJ et al., 2019, MNRAS , 488, L94.
  • [311] Moore, CJ et al., 2014, Phys. Rev. Lett. 113, 251101.
  • [312] Morrison, E et al., 1994, Appl. Opt. 33, 5041.
  • [313] Muratore, M et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2207.02138.
  • [314] Muratore, M et al., 2020, Class. Quant. Grav. 37, 185019.
  • [315] Muratore, M et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 023009.
  • [316] Muttoni, N et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 043509.
  • [317] Nasipak, Z, 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 064042.
  • [318] Natarajan, P et al., 2019, BAAS , 51, 73.
  • [319] Natarajan, P et al., 2017, ApJ , 838, 117.
  • [320] Nelemans, G et al., 2001, A&A , 375, 890.
  • [321] Calculation of the back-scattered light from telescope in the long-arm interferometer using FRED and Zemax, Tech Report, 2019, APC.
  • [322] Nishizawa, A et al., 2017, MNRAS , 465, 4375.
  • [323] Nishizawa, A et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. D , 94, 064020.
  • [324] Nissanke, S et al., 2012, ApJ , 758, 131.
  • [325] Noyola, E et al., 2010, ApJ , 719, L60.
  • [326] Numata, K et al., Development of LISA Laser System at NASA.
  • [327] Oshita, N et al., 2020, JCAP, 2020, 016.
  • [328] Otto, M, PhD thesis, Leibniz U., Hannover, 2015.
  • [329] Paczkowski, S et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 042005.
  • [330] Palenzuela, C et al., 2014, Phys. Rev. D , 89, 044024.
  • [331] Palenzuela, C et al., 2017, Phys. Rev. D , 96, 104058.
  • [332] Perkins, SE et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 044024.
  • [333] Perna, R et al., 2016, ApJ , 821, L18.
  • [334] Petiteau, A et al., 2008, Phys. Rev. D , 77, 023002.
  • [335] Phinney, ES, 2001, arXiv e-prints, astro.
  • [336] Pieroni, M et al., 2020, JCAP, 2020, 021.
  • [337] Piovano, GA et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 104, 124019.
  • [338] Piro, L et al., 2023, MNRAS , 521, 2577.
  • [339] Planck Collaboration et al., 2020, A&A , 641, A6.
  • [340] Polcar, L et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 044069.
  • [341] Portegies Zwart, SF et al., 2006, ApJ , 641, 319.
  • [342] Portegies Zwart, SF et al., 2002, ApJ , 576, 899.
  • [343] Postnov, KA et al., 2014, Living Rev Relativ, 17, 3.
  • [344] Pound, A et al., 2020, Black Hole Perturbation Theory and Gravitational Self-Force.
  • [345] Pound, RV, 1946, Rev. Sci. Instr. 17, 490.
  • [346] Pratten, G et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 104056.
  • [347] Pratten, G et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, 2212.02572.
  • [348] Pretorius, F, 2005, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 121101.
  • [349] Prince, TA et al., 2002, Phys. Rev. D , 66, 122002.
  • [350] Project planning and implementation, ECSS, ECSS Secretariat.
  • [351] Pürrer, M et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. Res. 2, 023151.
  • [352] Ramos-Buades, A et al., 2023, Phys. Rev. D , 108, 124037.
  • [353] Ramos-Buades, A et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 044035.
  • [354] Reardon, DJ et al., 2023, ApJ , 951, L6.
  • [355] Reigber, C et al., 2002, ASR , 30, 129.
  • [356] Reinhardt, JN et al., 2024, Phys. Rev. D , 109, 022004.
  • [357] Reisswig, C et al., 2013, Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 151101.
  • [358] Ricciardone, A et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. Lett. 127, 271301.
  • [359] Rizzuto, FP et al., 2022, MNRAS , 512, 884.
  • [360] Robson, T et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. D , 99, 024019.
  • [361] Rodriguez, CL et al., 2016, Phys. Rev. D , 93, 084029.
  • [362] Rossi, EM et al., 2010, MNRAS , 401, 2021.
  • [363] Ruangsri, U et al., 2014, Phys. Rev. D , 89, 084036.
  • [364] Rubbo, LJ et al., 2004, Phys. Rev. D , 69, 082003.
  • [365] Ruiter, AJ et al., 2010, ApJ , 717, 1006.
  • [366] Russano, G et al., 2018, Class. Quant. Grav. 35, 035017.
  • [367] Ryan, FD, 1995, Phys. Rev. D , 52, 5707.
  • [368] Samsing, J et al., 2018, MNRAS , 481, 5445.
  • [369] Sana, H et al., 2012, Science, 337, 444.
  • [370] Sasaki, M et al., 2018, Class. Quant. Grav. 35, 063001. Page 154/155 ESA UNCLASSIFIED - Releasable to the Public LISA Definition Study Report - ESA-SCI-DIR-RP-002
  • [371] Savalle, E et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 106, 022003.
  • [372] Schneider, R et al., 2023, MNRAS , 526, 3250.
  • [373] Schutz, BF, 1986, Nature , 323, 310.
  • [374] Schwarze, TS et al., 2016, J. Phys. Conf. Series.
  • [375] Sereno, M et al., 2011, MNRAS , 415, 2773.
  • [376] Sesana, A, 2016, Phys. Rev. Lett. 116, 231102.
  • [377] Shaddock, DA et al., 2003, Phys. Rev. D , 68, 061303.
  • [378] Shah, S et al., 2014, ApJ , 790, 161.
  • [379] Skoupý, V et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 084033.
  • [380] Sotiriou, TP, 2015, Class. Quant. Grav. 32, 214002.
  • [381] Space Environment, ECSS, ECSS Secretariat.
  • [382] Speri, L et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 124032.
  • [383] Speri, L et al., 2022, arXiv e-prints, 13, 021035.
  • [384] Speri, L et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. D , 103, 083526.
  • [385] Spinoso, D et al., 2023, MNRAS , 518, 4672.
  • [386] Sun, KX et al., 2006, Class. Quant. Grav. 23, S141.
  • [387] Szilágyi, B et al., 2009, Phys. Rev. D , 80, 124010.
  • [388] Tagawa, H et al., 2021, ApJ , 908, 194.
  • [389] Tahura, S et al., 2018, Phys. Rev. D , 98, 084042.
  • [390] Tamanini, N et al., 2016, JCAP, 2016, 002.
  • [391] Tamanini, N et al., 2019, Nat. Astron. 3, 858.
  • [392] Tang, Y et al., 2018, MNRAS , 476, 2249.
  • [393] Tapley, BD et al., 2004, Geophys. Res. Lett. 31, L09607.
  • [394] Technology readiness level (TRL) guidelines, ECSS, ECSS Secretariat.
  • [395] The LIGO Sci. Coll. et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. X , 13, 041039.
  • [396] The LIGO Sci. Coll. et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. X , 13, 011048.
  • [397] Thompson, R et al., 2011, 2011 Joint Conference of the IEEE International Frequency Control and the European Frequency and Time Forum (FCS) Proceedings.
  • [398] Thorpe, JI et al., 2016, A&A , 586, A107.
  • [399] Thrane, E et al., 2013, Phys. Rev. D , 88, 124032.
  • [400] Tinto, M et al., 1999, Phys. Rev. D , 59, 102003.
  • [401] Tinto, M et al., 2010, Phys. Rev. D , 82, 122003.
  • [402] Tinto, M et al., 2005, Phys. Rev. D , 71, 041101.
  • [403] Tinto, M et al., 2002, Phys. Rev. D , 65, 082003.
  • [404] Tinto, M et al., 2004, Phys. Rev. D , 69, 082001.
  • [405] Tinto, M et al., 2021, Living Rev Relativ, 24, 1.
  • [406] Toonen, S et al., 2018, A&A , 619, A53.
  • [407] Toonen, S et al., 2009, MNRAS , 398, 1228.
  • [408] Toubiana, A et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 101105.
  • [409] Toubiana, A et al., 2023, arXiv e-prints, arXiv:2307.15086.
  • [410] Toubiana, A et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. D , 101, 104038.
  • [411] Tremaine, SD et al., 1975, ApJ , 196, 407.
  • [412] Valiante, R et al., 2021, MNRAS , 500, 4095.
  • [413] Vallisneri, M, 2005, Phys. Rev. D , 71, 022001.
  • [414] Varma, V et al., 2019, Phys. Rev. Res. 1, 033015.
  • [415] Vázquez-Aceves, V et al., 2022, MNRAS , 510, 2379.
  • [416] Vilenkin, A et al., 2000, Cosmic Strings and Other Topological Defects.
  • [417] Volonteri, M et al., 2005, ApJ , 620, 69.
  • [418] Volonteri, M et al., 2020, MNRAS , 498, 2219.
  • [419] Volonteri, M et al., 2003, ApJ , 582, 559.
  • [420] Volonteri, M et al., 2021, Nat. Rev. Phys, 3, 732.
  • [421] Wagg, T et al., 2022, ApJ , 937, 118.
  • [422] Wang, YY et al., 2019, ApJ , 886, L22.
  • [423] Wang, Y, PhD thesis, Leibniz U., Hannover, 2014.
  • [424] Wang, Y et al., 2012, Phys. Rev. D , 86, 104050.
  • [425] Wang, Y et al., 2014, Phys. Rev. D , 90, 064016.
  • [426] Wang, Y et al., 2015, Phys. Rev. D , 92, 044037.
  • [427] Wardell, B et al., 2021, Phys. Rev. Lett. 130, 241402.
  • [428] Webbink, RF, 1984, ApJ , 277, 355.
  • [429] Weber, WJ et al., 2003, Gravitational-Wave Detection.
  • [430] Wheaton, WA et al., 1973, ApJ , 185, L57.
  • [431] Wilhelm, MJC et al., 2021, MNRAS , 500, 4958.
  • [432] Will, CM, 1998, Phys. Rev. D , 57, 2061.
  • [433] Wise, JH, 2019, Contemp. Phys. 60, 145.
  • [434] Wissel, L et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. Appl. 17, 024025.
  • [435] Woosley, SE et al., 2021, ApJ , 912, L31.
  • [436] Wu, Q et al., 2022, ApJS , 263, 42.
  • [437] Xu, H et al., 2023, Res. Astron. Astrophys. 23, 075024.
  • [438] Yamamoto, K et al., 2022, Phys. Rev. D , 105, 042009.
  • [439] Yang, J et al., 2021, ApJ , 923, 262.
  • [440] Yang, SC et al., 2022, Symmetry, 14, 2558.
  • [441] Yu, A et al., Technology Readiness Advancement of the Laser Transmitter for the LISA Mission.
  • [442] Yu, AW et al., Micro-Non-Planar Ring Oscillator Master Oscillator for the NASA LISA Laser Transmitter.
  • [443] Yuan, C et al., 2021, ApJ , 911, L15.
  • [444] Yunes, N et al., 2009, Phys. Rev. D , 80, 122003.
  • [445] Zwick, L et al., 2022, MNRAS , 511, 6143.
  • [446] d’Ascoli, S et al., 2018, ApJ , 865, 140.
  • [447] de Mink, SE et al., 2017, ApJ , 839, L7.
  • [448] de Rham, C et al., 2018, Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 221101.
  • [449] de Vine, G et al., 2010, Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 211103.
  • [450] van de Meent, M, 2014, Phys. Rev. D , 89, 084033.
  • [451] van de Meent, M et al., 2018, Class. Quant. Grav. 35, 144003.
  • [452] van de Meent, M et al., 2020, Phys. Rev. Lett. 125, 181101.
  • [453] van der Marel, RP et al., 2010, ApJ , 710, 1063. Page 155/155